14.Sandra+Wilhelm

//7.2.2012// //editted; 20.3.12;//

__Robert Brown__

> Robert Brown was a Scottish botanist, who contributed to showing the world a new branch of biology. > Robert Brown was a botanist, meaning he was a biologist in the study of plants. > Robert Brown not only discovered the nucleus of plant cells through cork, but had also described it. > Robert Brown's discovery opened new doors to the world of biology, meaning that discoveries and theories were made after, which helped with the knowledge and information of the function of the world. Brown first showed that cells could live in living things; as he found the nucleus in cells (and described them) and the cells in cork. This gave more information to work on and pieces of evidence and more discoveries were then continued because of Brown's discovery, that people were able to understand that cells were in living things; make living things (examples like plants and to the heart). > > __Robert Hooke__ >> Robert Hooke had studied the nature of the world and various other subjects. He built some buildings that are still alive today; such as the church of Milton.Got into Westminster School at just age thirteen before going into Oxford. >> Robert Hooke was a natural philosopher and an architect. Hooke also wrote a book that was the first about the discoveries through microscopes. >> Robert Hooke discovered that combustions involves air with another substance. He also discovered that breathing- the respiratory system, had involved a particular component of 'air'. It was an advantage that he was the first scientist to use a microscope with more than one lens, as it meant he was able to 'dig deeper' with research. >> Robert Hooke's contribution was very important, because with further evidence and research, it soon began known with information that Hooke has provided. Eg, the soon knowledge that Hooke was right; but the discovery of 'oxygen' appeared.
 * Who were they?
 * What was their job?
 * What did they contribute to cell theory?
 * Why was their contribution so important?
 * Who were they?
 * What was their job?
 * What did they contribute to cell theory?
 * Why was their contribution so important?

// Using the internet students are to research each of part of the plant listed create a table to describe their function. //
 * __//Learning Prep://__ **
 * // Root, Stem, Axillary bud, Leaf, Flower, Apical Bud, Photosynthetic tissue, Vascular tissue, Mesophyll tissue, Guard cells, Epidermal cells, Palisade mesophyll cells, Spongy mesophyll cells. //
 * //**Structure**// || //Function// ||
 * //Root// || //Roots give the plant the ability of staying onto the ground and not cause erosion. They Roots also store nutrients.// ||
 * //Stem// || //Stems give plants the ability to hold up things such as leaves or fruits. It transports nutrients, which is also stored in the fluids.// ||
 * //Axillary Bud// || //Gives the ability of plants to have stems. These buds are developed at the Axel of leafs.// ||
 * //Leafs// || //Leafs normally give the accessibility to photosynthesis.// ||
 * //Flowers// || //Flowers transfer pollen; which is the base of the reproductive system for flowers.// ||
 * //Apical Bud// || //This bud is found at the top of plants, where the plant grows upwards.// ||
 * //Photosynthetic Tissue// || //This is a tissue within the plant (normally through the leaves) which allow the plant to gain oxygen and water.// ||
 * //Vascular Tissue// || //Up the roots of the plants, xylem helps the plant contain and use water as phloem helps the plant use protein.// ||
 * //Mesophyll Tissue// || //The nutrients are energy for plants, and is kept inside the plant until it's needed.// ||
 * //Guard Cells// || //Guard cells keep the plants healthy, through the release of gases.// ||
 * //Epidermal Cells// || //These cells help protect the plant, through the use of oils and light usage.// ||
 * //Palisade Mesophyll Cells// || //Palisade Mesophyll cells are the sources that hold chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are what help the plant gain photosynthesis.// ||
 * //Spongy Mesophyll Cells// || //These give the ability of oxygen/air to pass through cells. Palisade Mesophyll Cells have more chloroplasts than Spongy Mesophyll Cells.// ||

19th of March 2012; This is the cow's digestive system.

This is the dog's digestive system.

Comparison **[Re-editted];**
The cow and the dog are both vertebrates, however they do not eat the same things daily (diet) because they have different digestive systems. Dogs eat meat, making them carnivores as cows are herbivores. Herbivores are animals that survive on plants. Therefore, the different intakes that the dog and cow have, consequence in them both having different body structures to function properly with their diet and how they adapt to their environment. For example, carnivore's (the dog) teeth structure consist of canines as the cow doesn't have canines as it eats grass instead of meat, meaning it doesn't need to grind the food in the same way. The similarities that the dog and the cow has is having an esophagus. The esophagus is one of the first steps of the digestive system (the mouth would be the first). Another example similarity is that both animals have the two intestines (the large and the small). However, as the cow has a bigger structure and a bigger intake of diet (volume) it's intestine (the large intestine) is much bigger than a dog's larger intestine. The dog's stomach is simple as the cow has a 4-chambered-stomach to handle cellulose. This is because dogs have a caecum as cows do not.

// 1. What are radioisotopes used for in medicine? //
Radioisotopes are used to detect serious things in the health of humans such as cancer. They are really helpful because they give doctors the advantage of looking for something wrong inside the human body via blood- like organs. Radioisotopes have sometimes been used so that a person doesn't need to go into surgery.

// 2. Provide 3 examples of a radioisotope and list where it is used. //

Iodine 131: Commonly used to treat thyroid cancer by the cells of cancer collecting the Iodine from blood and then being destroyed because of the Iodine's radioactivity. Strontium 89: Commonly used in treating patients suffering from pain- majorly like breast cancer or prostate. Cobalt 60: Has now recently been effective in cleaning/sterilising equipment- like after surgery: it is effective because it keeps the equipment clean for a long time.

// 3. Choose one of your examples and describe the process. //

Cobalt 60: Contaminated food and strong gamma rays is one of the main sources of where Cobalt 60 is entered into the human's system. Cobalt 60 travels through tissues and blood inside the body and mainly sticks around bones or livers. Cobalt 60 is very dangerous to humans as it actually causes cancer, although it can be detected. Cobalt 60 usually leaves the body via urine.

//4. List the pros and cons of using radioisotopes in medicine.//

Pros: treatment and detection of dangerous diseases and cells such as cancer. Radioactive cells in medicine only harm the dangerous cells; not the organs or tissues surrounding it. The process is fast and it is easily under surveillance. Cons: If the radioactive cells used for treatment has too long of a life-span, then it can effect the human's body- and maybe even the organs or tissues around it. Using Radioactivity is always risky because it has the risk of contaminating the area around it.

10th of May, 2012; - The Mosquito Fish was originally from America. They have colours on their body as silver, blue and green to brown. The Males of the Mosquito Fish don't have a large stomach as the females do. The male's 'anal fin' is the main aspect that helps in the breeding of these fish. These fish do not need a lot of oxygen in an environment to keep alive but still need oxygen to survive. They are easy to adapt to environments- as they can be found in various areas. However, majority of them are found in waters that are calm and warm, as it is better for them. - There are two scientific names for the Mosquito Fish. There is an Eastern Mosquito Fish which is called Gambusia Holbrooki and the Western Mosquito Fish is known as Gambusia Affinis. - Why was the Mosquito Fish introduced? These fishes are easy to control and are used to society's advantage. They had been used against mosquitos in California. When the Mosquito Fishes were introduced to Australia, it wasn't just to destroy the population of mosquitos but also to help the diseases in Australia not spread. - The adaptions of these Mosquito Fishes are very high and a good advantage to them. They are able to live in many places, even where other fishes could not go. This is because the Mosquito FIsh can live in places with various amounts of salt in the water. They can live in cold or warm waters; however they are normally in warm waters because it's better for them. These fishes need oxygen to survive but they don't need a lot of it. These adaptions are an advantage to the life and population of the Mosquito Fish and it's life. They can even grow to survive and adapt to habitats that are more polluted than others. - The adaptation of these Mosquito Fishes doesn't just help them survive. It expands more than just a basic life- it means that their distribution and abundance is more than compared with other fishes, for example. They are able to live longer because of their advantages- such as the amount of oxygen they can use to survive, and there are more of them because of how they can live in various habitats. - What has this done to the ecosystem and how has this influenced the distribution and abundance of mosquito fish? The ecosystem is affected every time something in environments change. The Mosquito Fish have a good advantage to 'survival of the fittest' compared to some fishes, meaning that as their abundance grows and their population increases, the ecosystem will change. For example, the amount of Mosquitoes around the environments of where these fishes live, will decrease. Mosquitoes aren't the only things that are affected because of the Mosquito Fishes. Mosquito fishes are 'aggressive', such as to other fish. This means that in the environment around them, other fishes in danger of the Mosquito fish will either decrease in population eventually or will adapt and survive somewhere away from the fishes.
 * Adaptions within an environment;**