13.Nahrien+Unatan-Isacof

7/2/12

Robert Brown & Robert Hooke

- Who were they? - what was their job? - what did they contribute to cell theory? - why was their contribution so important?

1. Robert Hooke

Robert Hooke (1635 - 1703), was an English Physicist with broad scientific interests and accomplishments. He is well remembered for the wide variety of areas in which he contributed to, including physics, astronomy, biology, microscopy (even going as far as dedicating a whole encyclopedia to the study of microscopy), architecture, and many more. Throughout out all this his far greatest achievement in the field of science would be the discovery of __cells__ ( a word that has been used as the cornerstone of microbiology), which he discovered while looking at a cork through a compound microscope. The cork was made of plant texture, so basically, he was looking at plant cells.

In the years ensuing the great London fire (1666), Hooke came to be a surveyor, and eventually, an architect, composing countless beautiful and famous buildings. As his architectual interests started overtaking his scientific work, he was soon forced to retire as Curator of Experiments for the Royal Society in favour of his new __vocation__.

19/3/12



Dogs are monogastrics, meaning they have only one simple stomach. Cows, on the other hand, are ruminants: a mammal that has a complex four-chambered stomach.

2/4/12 Today's Syllabus Dot Point:

 * **Use available sources to discuss using examples, the role of technologies, such as the use of radioisotopes in tracing the path of elements through living plants and animals.**
 * Class discussion: Radioisotopes and they relationship with the transport system.
 * Students to define radioisotope and discuss.
 * How can they be used with transport systems?
 * Using the internet students to research how radioisotopes are used in medical practices and answer the following questions on their WIki Page.
 * // 1. What are radioisotopes used for in medicine? //
 * // 2. Provide 3 examples of a radioisotope and list where it is used. //
 * // 3. Choose one of your examples and describe the process. //
 * // 4. List the pros and cons of using radioisotopes in medicine. //

1. Radioactive materials used as a diagnostic tool can identify the status of a disease and minimize the need for surgery, reducing the risks from postoperative infection. They give doctors the ability to "look" inside the body and observe soft tissues and organs, in a manner similar to the way x-rays provide images of bones. Radioisotopes carried in the blood also allow doctors to detect clogged arteries or check the functioning of the circulatory system.

2. 1) **Radiotherapy**: Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to shrink tumors and kill cancer cells ([|1]). [|X-rays], [|gamma rays], and charged particles are types of radiation used for cancer treatment.

2) ** Diagnosis: **Radioactive tracer compounds are used to observe the function of various organs and body systems. These compounds use a chemical tracer which is attracted to or concentrated by the activity which is being studied.

3) **Biochemical Analysis**: Biochemical analysis is usually carried out in vitro (out of the body) and is used to quantify very small amounts of biological substances such as enzymes, hormones, steroids and vitamins in blood, urine, saliva or other body fluids. Radioisotopes are used in these tests because they can be used to label molecules of biological samples and are easy to detect, even in low concentrations.

3. 4. **ADVANTAGES**: - Nuclear medicine uses radiation to provide diagnostic information about the functioning of a person's specific organs, or to treat them. Diagnostic procedures are now routine. - Radiotherapy can be used to treat some medical conditions, especially cancer, using radiation to weaken or destroy particular targeted cells. - Tens of millions of nuclear medicine procedures are performed each year, and demand for radioisotopes is increasing rapidly. Because of the danger surrounding them a lot of precautions have to be taken. Which costs a lot of money and takes time. So they are happy to resort to cheaper, cleaner and maybe even more effective methods. So together with dangers surrounding radioactive materials, the money it costs is a severe disadvantage. The disadvantages are that they are radioactive and radioactivity has been sown to cause cancer and birth defects. Radiation exposure depends on the radionuclide and dose used. Effective doses tend to range from 1.5 to 17 mSv—eg, about 1.5 mSv for lung scans, about 3.5 to 4.5 mSv for bone and hepatobiliary scans, and about 17 mSv for a technetium sestimibi heart scan. Reactions to radionuclides are rare. The area that can be imaged accurately is limited because only signals near the gamma camera's face can be accurately localized. Image detail may also be limited. Often, imaging must be delayed for up to several hours to give the radionuclide time to reach the target tissue.
 * DISADVANTAGES**:

8th of May, 2012; - The Mosquito Fish was originally from America. They have colours on their body as silver, blue and green to brown. The Males of the Mosquito Fish don't have a large stomach as the females do. The male's 'anal fin' is the main aspect that helps in the breeding of these fish. These fish do not need a lot of oxygen in an environment to keep alive but still need oxygen to survive. They are easy to adapt to environments- as they can be found in various areas. However, majority of them are found in waters that are calm and warm, as it is better for them. - There are two scientific names for the Mosquito Fish. There is an Eastern Mosquito Fish which is called Gambusia Holbrooki and the Western Mosquito Fish is known as Gambusia Affinis. Why was the Mosquito Fish introduced? These fishes are easy to control and are used to society's advantage. They had been used against mosquitos in California. When the Mosquito Fishes were introduced to Australia, it wasn't just to destroy the population of mosquitos but also to help the diseases in Australia not spread. - The adaptions of these Mosquito Fishes are very high and a good advantage to them. They are able to live in many places, even where other fishes could not go. This is because the Mosquito FIsh can live in places with various amounts of salt in the water. They can live in cold or warm waters; however they are normally in warm waters because it's better for them. These fishes need oxygen to survive but they don't need a lot of it. These adaptions are an advantage to the life and population of the Mosquito Fish and it's life. They can even grow to survive and adapt to habitats that are more polluted than others.
 * Adaptions within an environment;**